Föld- (és ég-) gömbök 3D-s előállítása (Virtuális Földgömbök Múzeuma és digitális virtuális restaurálás) = 3D production of terrestrial (and celestial) globes (Museum of Virtual Globes and digital virtual restoration)

A célok maradéktalan megvalósítása megtörtént: 1–2.) A http://vgm.elte.hu magyar, angol és német nyelvű honlapunkon – ahol a címlapon szerepel az OTKA-támogatásra vonatkozó utalás is –, egy ingyen letölthető VRML-lejátszó segítségével kezelhetővé válnak a 3D-s virtuálisglóbusz-modellek. Lehetőség van a virtuális glóbuszok Google Earth-ben való megjelenítésére is, ami több összehasonlító elemzést tesz lehetővé (pl. a mai határok összevetését a különböző történelmi korokban készült glóbuszok akkor aktuális határrajzával). 3.) Perczel László 1862-ben elkészült 132 cm átmérőjű kéziratos földgömbjének több mint 900 fényképfelvétel felhasználásával elkészült a mai állapotot rögzítő 3D-s feldolgozása, amely a múzeumban megtekinthető. Több idézett tanulmány is foglalkozik a restaurálási és az újraalkotási folyamattal. 4.) Teljesen új glóbusz múzeumunk Mars-gömbje. Emellett honlapunk második oldaláról több, korábban nem létezett Mars-glóbusz közvetlenül elérhető egy másik honlapon, amelyet Hargitai Henrik kollégánk működtet, aki az általunk kidolgozott módszerrel készítette azokat. További eredmények Az eredeti célkitűzésen messze túlmutató, kulturálisérték-megőrző, és -közvetítő szerepet vállal ma már a múzeum, amelynek szerep juthat az oktatásban is. Előadásainkban, tanulmányainkban ez új szerepkör megismertetését szintén célul tűztük ki. Jelenleg az elérhető glóbuszok száma az egyszázhoz közelít, amelyek meghatározó többségéhez már a leíró adatlapok is elkészültek magyar, kisebb számban német és angol nyelven is. | The objectives were all achieved: 1–2. The 3D virtual globe models can be handled with the help of a freely downloadable VRML player – and also without downloading an auxiliary program – on the following Hungarian, English and German language website: http://vgm.elte.hu. It is possible to view the virtual globes on the Google Earth globe. This allows the viewer to analyze the globe, for instance, to compare the present borders with the borders represented on old globes made in various times. The reference to the OTKA support is indicated on the title page of the website. 3. The 3D registration of the present state of László Perczel's manuscript globe was completed by processing more than 900 photographs taken of the globe (made in 1862, diameter 132 cm). The globe can be visited on the webpage. Several cited studies deal with the restoration and recreation of the globe. 4. The Mars globe is a completely new piece in the museum. In addition, several, formerly non-existent Mars globes can be reached by another homepage from the second page of the homepage of the Museum. This homepage is run by a colleague, Henrik Hargitai, who prepared the Mars globes by using the method developed in this project. Further results The museum has now an important role in safeguarding and communicating the cultural heritage, which maybe useful in education too. The presentations and papers on the subject emphasize this additional value of the project. At present, nearly 100 globes can be viewed, and most of them are accompanied by a descriptive sheet in Hungarian, and some of them are available in English and German too

Globes on the Web – The Technical Background and the First Items of the Virtual Globes Museum

The “Virtual Globes Museum” project has several aims. It preserves globes for the future and provides an opportunity of examining rare globes without the risk of doing any harm to them. It also can help in globe-restoring as the restoration work can be done on the virtual copy of a globe. The first part of the paper will present possible solutions to the problem of dinteractive digital globe publishing on the Internet. It describes the processing method of the two possible source materials: globe prints and photographs. The visualization of results is realized in two different ways. The first one is a 3D virtual world created by using the VRML language. The second one is a special “globe layer” in KML, which can be used in the Google Earth software. The advantages and disadvantages of each solution are also examined. The second part of the paper will introduce the most interesting items of the museum

3D production of terrestrial (and celestial) globes - Museum of Virtual Globes and digital virtual restoration

Very little information can be found even in the Hungarian cartographic literature on the history of making terrestrial globes in Hungary – particularly at the Cartographic Enterprise (Cartographia) – after World War II in the second half of the past century. The only general publication in Hungarian related to this topic is a book, „A föld- és éggömbök története” (The history of terrestrial and celestial globes) written by István Klinghammer. His book, however, deals very little with the production of globes in Hungary in the mentioned period.We wish to fill this gap in the Hungarian cartography history in a modern way. Only the minority of these globes can be found even in the Map Room of the National Széchényi Library. And they are carefully kept (each in boxes) to save them from dust. However, these globes cannot be seen by the visitors in display-cases. Our project has two objectives: – Establishment of a “Museum of Virtual Globes” by developing a technology never used before in Hungary. This would “store” the terrestrial and celestial globes and would make them available on the Internet – both historical and modern globes. – Development of a method for the “digital virtual restoration” of the damage on the various globes. Namely, the old globes, which have a great cultural value, can be restored without any risk. As a result now, in the first phase, on one hand the improved version of two “modern” globes made by the Cartographic Enterprise (Cartographia) in the fourth quarter of the past century would be available for the public. On the other hand two globes (a terrestrial and a celestial one from the 17th century) of Blaeu – the great mapmaker and publisher in Amsterdam – which have great cultural value, can be seen and studied without any risk. The spherical map content can be studied and analysed from any direction with the help of a virtual, high-resolution 3D model reproduced after the original colour globes

Citizen science characterization of meanings of toponyms of Kenya: a shared heritage

This paper examines the toponymic heritage used in Kenya’s Authoritative Geographic Information (AGI) toponyms database of 26,600 gazetteer records through documentation and characterization of meanings of place names in topographic mapping. A comparison was carried out between AGI and GeoNames and between AGI and OpenStreetMap (OSM) volunteered records. A total of 15,000 toponymic matchings were found. Out of these, 1567 toponyms were then extracted for further scrutiny using AGI data in the historical records and from respondents on toponyms’ meanings. Experts in toponymy assisted in verifying these data. From the questionnaire responses, 235 names occurred in more than one place while AGI data had 284. The elements used to characterize the toponyms included historical perceptions of heritage evident in toponyms in their localities, ethnographic, toponymical and morphology studies on Kenya's dialects. There was no significant relationship established between the same place name usages among dialects as indicated by a positive weak correlation r (438), = 0.166, p < 0.001 based on the effect of using the related places and the distance between related places. The weak correlation implies that the one name one place principle does not apply due to diverse language boundaries, strong bonds associated with historical toponyms in the form of heritage and significant variations on how names resist changes to preserve their heritage